晚明是中国养生发展的世俗时期，在士人群体的关涉下养生术实现了从仙释帝王之学向民众 应用之学的下移，并成为一个具有社会治术性质的“古代样本”。研究认为，士人在晚明科举壅滞、疾病 政治衰落及其“行道于世”意识觉醒的背景下，以养生术为载体发展出“治己”与“治他”两条治理路径： 一是，注重精神修养、自我救护和优化生活方式的个人身心治理；二是，将养生术纳入生产医学新知、奉 亲孝养、公共卫生和地方教化等多维领域的社会治理。这些举措对推进新时代中国健康治理具有重要 启示：以“民惟邦本”的使命意识和“寓德于治”的道德精神，提升新时代健康治理的人文关怀；以“承继 传统”的文化自信，涵养中国健康治理自主知识体系的构建；以守正创新的探索精神，发挥中国养生术 “一体多用”的协同治理功能；以“地方精英”的次生治理作用，深化基层健康治理发展。

The late Ming Dynasty represented a secular era in the evolution of Chinese healthcare， during which the focus， facilitated by the engagement of literati， shifted from esoteric studies associated with immortals and emperors to practical applications accessible to the general populace， becoming an“ancient model” of social governance. This study posits that scholars in this period， within an institutional framework characterized by stagnant imperial examinations，declining health governance， and an awakening consciousness towards“practicing morality in society，” developed two distinct governance pathways through healthcare practices： one emphasizes personal self-cultivation， self-preservation， and lifestyle optimization for individual physical and mental well-being； the other integrates healthcare practices into emerging knowledge domains such as production medicine， filial piety， public health initiatives， and local education efforts， all as aspects of social governance. These strategies provide significant insights for advancing health governance in contemporary China： enhancing humanistic care within modern health governance through a mission-driven ethos recognizing“the people as the foundation of the state” alongside a moral spirit that intertwines ethics with governance； fostering cultural confidence to cultivate an independent knowledge system for health governance rooted in tradition； upholding fundamental principles and breaking new ground to harness the synergistic governance potential of traditional Chinese healthcare practices； and strengthening grassroots health governance through leveraging local elites’ auxiliary roles.

K248.3； R2-09

国家社会科学基金一般项目（24BTY104）